Rational choice theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rational choice theory - Essay Example Specifically, rational choice theory also claims that the decision maker knows all the potential alternatives and that s/he makes a decision after evaluating them all (Heath 2001). Decision-making process in organizations can be distinguished as automatic— regular decisions made in accordance to established guiding principles—or non-programmed—choices necessitating new and innovative solutions (White 2006). Furthermore, decisions vary with regard to the level of risk present, ranging from those wherein the results of a decision are fairly definite to those wherein results are considerably indefinite. Indefinite circumstances are communicates as probability statements derived from either subjective or objective facts (Heath 2001). Rational choice theory portrays decision makers as systematically rummaging around appropriate and relevant information to make the best possible decision. This essay will discuss the premises of rational choice theory, its implications on managerial decision making, and the validity of the argument that ‘individuals are rational and normally act as maximizing entrepreneurs’. Rationality is revered in the Western world. A rational choice is one that arises in structured procedures and maximizes a value, regardless if it is marketability, controllability, reliability, efficiency, integrity, or any of numerous other values (Goodin 1998). Observance of any value requires upholding one alternative over another. According to rational choice theory there are major steps to making a rational decision (Allingham 2002). The endeavor is as crucial as the ultimate decision, due to the fact that each step affords an opportunity to re-evaluate the minimized and maximized values (Allingham 2002). The first step is problem definition. This entails identifying key variables under consideration and analyzing the

Hypochlorite in Endodontics Essay Example for Free

Hypochlorite in Endodontics Essay Abstract Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in various concentrations is the most widely used endodontic irrigant, but it can be an irritant to vital tissues. There are several reports about the complications of irrigation with NaOCl during root canal therapy. Most of the complications are the result of accidental extrusion of the solution from the apical foramen or accessory canals or perforations into the periapical area. This article is a review and comparison of all reported NaOCl accidents in the literature. The impetus behind root canal cleaning and shaping is the elimination of tissue remnants, bacteria, and toxins from the root canal system. This is generally accepted to be a major factor in the success of root canal treatment. Mechanical procedures alone are insufficient for total canal cleaning. Residual pulpal tissue, bacteria, and dentin debris may persist in the irregularities of canal systems. Therefore, irrigating solutions should support and complement endodontic preparation. These irrigants should flush out dentin debris, dissolve organic tissue, disinfect the canal system, and provide lubrication during instrumentation, without irritating the surrounding tissues. Some of the irrigants currently used include hydrogen peroxide, physiologic saline, water, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine, and electrochemically activated water. Because of its physicochemical and antibacterial properties, NaOCl is one of the most popular irrigants. A 0.5% solution of NaOCl was used effectively during World War I to clean contaminated wounds.1 In 1920, Crane described the use of Dakins solution (NaOCl buffered with sodium bicarbonate) for root canal debridement and sterilization. Since then NaOCl has become a popular and effective intracanal irrigant.2 It is an inexpensive, readily available, and easily used chemical that usually rates well in research.3,4 A variety of NaOCl concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5.25% have been advocated, as well as a variety of temperatures. The longer the solution can remain in contact with tissue, the higher the temperature of the solution, and the higher the concentration, the greater the ability of NaOCl to dissolve the tissue.5-7 The optimum concentration for use clinically is still a matter of controversy. Consequently, the clinician must decide on the concentration and temperature of the NaOCl and the potential consequences of this choice.5,8,9 Advantages of NaOCl The ability of NaOCl to dissolve organic soft tissue of the pulp and predentin is a result of oxidation. The powerful oxidative activity of hypochlorite not only dissolves the pulpal and dentinal tissue but also acts as a potent antimicrobial agent.3 It is well recognized to be effective against a broad range of pathogens: gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria, fungi, spores, and viruses including the human immunodeficiency virus.10 NaOCl, especially when used in high concentrations, is known to be effective in dissolving organic tissue remnants and disinfecting the canal system.4 Effective concentrations of NaOCl range from 2.6% o 5.25%. The dilution of NaOCl was suggested because it has been proved that concentrations over 0.5% are cytotoxic.11 Compared with a chlorhexidine gel, NaOCl not only has a higher capacity to kill microorganisms but is also more able to remove cells from the root canal.12 Water is not effective in removing dentine debris from grooves in the apical portio n of root canals.13 Disadvantages of NaOCl Acute inflammation followed by necrosis results when NaOCl comes into contact with vital tissue. It causes severe inflammation and cellular destruction in all tissues except heavily keratinized epithelium.5 The cytotoxic effect of 5.25% NaOCl on vital tissues, resulting in hemolysis, is well documented, and its use warrants proper care. The clinical efficacy of NaOCl relates to its nonspecific ability to oxidize, hydrolyze, and osmotically draw fluids out of tissues.5 The severity of the reaction depends on the concentration of the solution, its pH, and the duration of exposure. NaOCl has a pH of 11 to 12.5, which causes injury primarily by oxidation of proteins. In high concentrations, severe necrotic changes could be observed.14 The higher concentrations also have some irritating effects on the periodontal ligament.15 One report cites periodontal side effects of NaOCl with lower concentrations.16 However, when confined to the canal space as an intracanal endodontic irrigant, clinic al toxicity of NaOCl is no greater than the clinical toxicity of normal saline solution.6 NaOCl causes vascular permeability in blood vessels, probably as a result of damage to the vessels as well as the release of chemical mediators, such as histamine, from involved tissue. This characteristic causes immediate swelling and often profuse bleeding through the root canal when NaOCl is not used properly as an endodontic irrigant.17 There is only 1 report of hypersensitivity to NaOCl, which can easily be detected by skin patch testing.18 There are reports about the effects of improper use of NaOCl, including inadvertent injection into the maxillary sinus19 or splashing solution into the eyes.20 The extrusion of NaOCl can cause facial nerve weakness in addition to other soft-tissue damage.21 In addition to its toxicity to vital tissues, NaOCl has an unpleasant odor and causes damage if it comes into contact with clothing. 22 There are 2 reports of inadvertently injecting NaOCl instead of anesthetic solution. One resulted in severe palatal tissue necrosis,23 and the second involved edema in the pterygomandibular space and peritonsillar and pharyngeal areas because of mandibular block injection with NaOCl instead of anesthetic solution. In the second case, the patient was admitted to an intensive care unit for probable airway obstruction and given opioid analgesic intravenously for pain reduction.24 Damage to permanent tooth follicles, peripheral tissue, and oral mucosa have been reported during careless NaOCl use in pediatric endodontics. 25 There are only a small number of cases in the literature that have reported postoperative skin complications, long-term paresthesia, and altered nerve sensations arising from the use of NaOCl as an endodontic irrigant.26 There are 23 reported cases of NaOCl accidents in the literature.14,19,21,26-41 Almost all of the cases have similar sequelae including severe pain, edema, and profuse hemorrhage both interstitially and through the tooth. The reports mentioned several days of increasing edema and ecchymosis accompanied by tissue necrosis and paresthesia; in some cases, secondary infections have been observed. Most of the cases had complete resolution within a few weeks but a few were marked by long-term paresthesia or scarring. Remaining residual paresthesia indicates some permanent damage to the nerve endings in the affected area.36 NaOCl Accident Management Proper management of a NaOCl accident is important for achieving the best outcomes. The following lists some important factors for managing a NaOCl accident: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Early recognition of the problem; the patient should be informed of the cause and nature of the accident (Table 2, see end of the article) Immediate irrigation of the canal with normal saline to dilute the NaOCl Allow bleeding response to flush the irritant out of the tissues Reassure patient Provide patient with both verbal and written home care instructions Monitor the patient After the NaOCl accident has been recognized and the patient has been informed, the authors recommend a treatment that focuses on palliative care, including cold and warm compresses, saline rinses, pain control, prophylactic antibiotics, steroid therapy, and monitoring (Table 3). It is important to reassure the patient throughout treatment because of the amount of time it will take for the inflammation to resolve. Avoiding NaOCl Accidents The following steps can help clinicians avoid NaOCl accidents: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Adequate access preparation Good working length control Irrigation needle placed 1 mm to 3 mm short of working length Needle placed passively and not locked in the canal Irrigant expressed into the root canal slowly Constant in and out movements of the irrigating needle into the canal space Flowback of solution as it is expressed into the canal should be observed Use side delivery needles that are specifically designed for endodontic purposes Discussion NaOCl is tissue cytotoxic. When it comes into contact with tissue, it causes hemolysis and ulceration, inhibits neutrophil migration, and damages endothelial and fibroblast cells.14,42 Incorrect determination of working length, lateral perforation, and wedging of the irrigating needle are the most common procedural accidents associated with adverse NaOCl reactions.29 The optimal clinical concentration of NaOCl is still controversial. A 1% concentration of NaOCl provides tissue dissolution and an antimicrobial effect, but the concentration reported in the literature has been as high as 5.25%.43,44 Evidence demonstrates that high concentrations of NaOCl have enhanced antimicrobial activity.45 Irrigation time may increase the antimicrobial effect of endodontic irrigants without affecting the surrounding tissues. It has been found that 0.5% NaOCl had nearly the same bactericidal effect as 5.25% NaOCl when used for 30 minutes.46 After a NaOCl accident, early and aggressive treatment is advocated to reduce potentially serious complications. The use of antibiotics is recommended because there is a possibility of tissue necrosis and infection.47 Steroids also may be useful. Depending on the degree of injury, some cases might require surgical intervention. The aim of any surgical procedure should be to provide decompression and facilitate drainage, and to create an environment conducive to healing. The other advantage of surgery is meticulous debridement of grossly necrotic tissue and direct irrigation of affected sites.25 Conclusion NaOCl is an effective antibacterial agent but can be highly irritating when it comes in contact with vital tissue. Most of the reported complications occurred because of incorrect determination of endodontic working length, iatrogenic widening of the apical foramen, lateral perforation, or wedging of the irrigating needle. If a perforation or open apex exists, then great care should be exercised to prevent a NaOCl accident or an alternative irrigation solution should be considered. Table 2—How to recognize a NaOCl accident †¢ Immediate severe pain (for 2-6 minutes) †¢ Ballooning or immediate edema in adjacent soft tissue because of perfusion to the loose connective tissue †¢ Extension of edema to a large site of the face such as cheeks, peri- orbital region, or lips †¢ Ecchymosis on skin or mucosa as a result of profuse interstitial bleeding †¢ Profuse intraoral bleeding directly from root canal †¢ Chlorine taste or smell because of injected NaOCl to maxillary sinus †¢ Severe initial pain replaced with a constant discomfort or numbness, related to tissue destruction and distension †¢ Reversible or persistent anesthesia †¢ Possibility of secondary infection or spreading of former infection Table 3—How to treat a NaOCl accident †¢ Remain calm and inform the patient about the cause and nature of the complication. †¢ Immediately irrigate with normal saline to decrease the soft-tissue irritation by diluting the NaOCl. †¢ Let the bleeding response continue as it helps to flush the irritant out of the tissues. †¢ Recommend ice bag compresses for 24 hours (15-minute intervals)to minimize swelling. †¢ Recommend warm, moist compresses after 24 hours (15-minute intervals). †¢ Recommend rinsing with normal saline for 1 week to improve circulation to the affected area. †¢ For pain control †¢ Initial control of acute pain could be achieved with anesthetic nerve block. †¢ Acetaminophen-based narcotic analgesics for 3 to 7 days (NSAID analgesic should be avoided to decrease the amount of bleeding into the soft tissues). †¢ Prophylactic antibiotic coverage for 7 to 10 days to prevent secondary infection or spreading of the present infection. †¢ Steroid therapy with methylprednisolone for 2 to 3 days to control inflammatory reaction. †¢ Daily contact to monitor recovery. †¢ In severe cases such as respiratory distress, accessing the local emergency service via 911 is appropriate. †¢ Reassure the patient about the lengthy resolution of the inflammatory reaction. †¢ Provide the patient with both verbal and written home care instructions. †¢ Monitor the patient for pain control, secondary infection, and rea ssurance. References 1. Dakin HD. The use of certain antiseptic substances in treatment of infected wounds. Br Med J. 1915;2:318-320. 2. Crane AB. A Practicable Root Canal Technique. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea Febiger; 1920:69. 3. Mentz TC. The use of sodium hypochlorite as a general endodontic medicament. Int Endod J. 1982;15:132-136. 4. Ayhan H, Sultan N, Cirak M, et al. Antimicrobial effects of various endodontic irrigants on selected microorganisms. Int Endod J. 1999;32:99-102. 5. Thà © SD, Maltha JC, Plasschaert JM. Reactions of guinea pig subcutaneous connective tissue following exposure to sodium hypochlorite. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;49: 460-466. 6. Nakamura H, Asai K, Fujita H, et al. The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite bovine tendon collagen, bovine pulp, and bovine gingiva. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60:322-326. 7. Pashley EL, Bridson NL, Bowman K, et al. Cytotoxic effects of NaOCl on vital tissue. J Endod. 1985;11:525-528. 8. Harrison JW, Svec TA, Baumgartner JC. Analysis of clinical toxicity of endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 1978;4:6-11. 9. Lamers AC, van Mullem PJ, Simon M. Tissue reactions to sodium hypochlorite and iodine potassium iodide under clinical conditions in monkey teeth. J Endod. 1980;6:788-792. 10. Resnik L, Veren K, Salahuddin SZ, et al. Stability and inactivation of HTLVIII/LAV under clinical and laboratory environments. JAMA. 1986;255:1887-1891. 11. Spangberg L, Engstrà ¶m B, Langeland K. Biologic effect of dental materials. 3. Toxicity and antimicrobial effect of endodontic antiseptics in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1973;36:856-871. 12. Vianna ME, Horz HP, Gomes BP, et al. In vivo evaluation of microbial reduction after chemo-mechanical preparation of human root canals containing necrotic pulp tissue. Int Endod J. 2006;39:484-492. 13. van der Sluis LW, Gambarini G, Wu MK, et al. The influence of volume, type of irrigant and flushing method on removing artificially placed dentine debris from the apical root canal during passive ultrasonic irrigation. Int Endod J. 2006;39:472-476. 14. Gatot A, Arbelle J, Leiberman A, et al. Effects of sodium hypochlorite on soft tissues after its inadvertent injection beyond the root apex. J Endod. 1991;17:573574. 15. Tanomaru Filho M, Leonardo MR, Silva LA, et al. Inflammatory response to different endodontic irrigating solutions. Int Endod J. 2002;35:735-739. 16. Watts A, Paterson RC. Atypical lesions detected during a study of short-term tissue responses to three different endodontic instrumentation techniques. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1993;9:200-210. 17. Rutberg M, Spangberg E, Spangberg L. Evaluation of enhanced vascular permeability of endodontic medicaments in vivo. J Endod. 1977;3:347-351. 18. Kaufman AY, Keila S. Hypersensitivity to sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 1989;15:224-226. 19. Ehrich DG, Brian JD Jr, Walker WA. Sodium hypochlorite accident: inadvertent injection into maxillary sinus. J Endod. 1993;19:180-182. 20. Ingram TA 3rd. Response of the human eye to accidental exposure to sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 1990;16:235-238. 21. Witton R, Henthorn K, Ethunandan M, et al. Neurological complications following extrusion of sodium hypochlorite solution during root canal treatment. Int Endod J. 2005;38:843-848. 22. Serper A, Ozbek M, Calt S. Accidental sodium hypochlorite-induced skin injury during endodontic treatment. J Endod. 2004;30:180-181. 23. Gursoy UK, Bostanci V, Kosger HH. Palatal mucosa necrosis because of accidental sodium hypochlorite injection instead of anesthetic solution. Int Endod J. 2006;39:157-161. 24. Herrmann JW, Heicht RC. Complications in therapeutic use of sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 1979;5:160-163. 25. Onà §aâ‚ ¬ O, Ho?gà ¶r M, Hilmioâ‚ ¬lu S, et al. Comparison of antibacteri al and toxic effects of various root canal irrigants. Int Endod J. 2003;36:423-432. 26. Reeh ES, Messer HH. Long-term paresthesia following inadvertent forcing of sodium hypochlorite through perforation in maxillary incisor. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1989;5:200-203. 27. Gernhardt CR, Eppendorf K, Kozlowski A, et al. Toxicity of concentrated sodium hypochlorite used as an endodontic irrigant. Int Endod J. 2004;37:272-280. 28. Hales JJ, Jackson CR, Everett AP, et al. Treatment protocol for the management of a sodium hypochlorite accident during endodontic therapy. Gen Dent. 2001;49:278-281. 29. Hà ¼lsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation—literature review and case reports. Int Endod J. 2000; 33:186-193. 30. Mehra P, Clancy C, Wu J. Formation of facial hematoma during endodontic therapy. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131:67-71. 31. Kavanagh CP, Taylor J. Inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite to the maxillary sinus. Br Dent J. 1998;185:336-337. 32. Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Pazagglia M, et al. Severe facial edema following root canal therapy. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:231-233. 33. Cymbler DM, Ardakani P. Sodium hypochlorite injection into periapical tissues. Dent Update. 1994;21:345-346. 34. Cali?kan MK, Tà ¼rkà ¼n M, Alper S. Allergy to sodium hypochlorite during root canal therapy: a case report. Int Endod J. 1994;27:163-167. 35. Linn JL, Messer HH. Hypochlorite injury to the lip following injection via a labial perforation. Case report. Aust Dent J. 1993;38:280-282. 36. Joffe E. Complication during root canal therapy following accidental extrusion of sodium hypochlorite through the apical foramen. Gen Dent. 1991;39:460-461. 37. Becking AG. Complications in the use of sodium hypochlorite during endodontic treatment. Report of three cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;71:346348. 38. Neaverth EJ, Swindle R. A serious complication following the inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite outside the root canal system. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 1990;11:474-481. 39. Sabala CL, Powell SE. Sodium hypochlorite injection into periapical tissues. J Endod. 1989;15:490-492. 40. Grob R. [An incident with sodium hypochlorite—only my error?]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 1984;94:661-662. 41. Becker GL, Cohen S, Borer R. The sequelae of accidentally injecting sodium hypochlorite beyond the root apex. Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;38:633-638. 42. Kozol RD, Gillies C, Elgebaly SA. Effects of sodium hypochlorit e (Dakin’s solution) on cells of the wound module. Arch Surg. 1988;123:420-427. 43. Harrison JW. Irrigation of the root canal system. Dent Clin North Am. 1984;28:797-808. 44. Spangberg L. Instruments, materials, and devices. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the Pulp. 9th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1980:545-546. 45. Yesilsoy C, Whitaker E, Cleveland D, et al. Antimicrobial and toxic effects of established and potential root canal irrigants. J Endod. 1995;21:513-515. 46. Gomes BP, Ferraz CC, Vianna ME, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity of several concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J. 2001;34:424-428. 47. Marais JT, Williams WP. Antimicrobial effectiveness of electro-chemically activated water as an endodontic irrigation solution. Int Endod J. 2001;34:237243.

Expressions of Fear in The Red Badge of Courage :: Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The important conflict in The Red Badge of Courage is Henry Fleming's fear about how he will perform in his first battle.   There are three people who expressed their ideas about their fears before the first skirmish.   They are Henry Fleming, Tom Wilson, and Jim Conklin.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry is worried about how he will do in this first battle.   He isn't sure if he will run or not, and he is scared that he might.   He doesn't want to look like a fool and run, but he is also scared of getting killed. Even though Henry never expressed his fears to Tom Wilson or Jim Conklin the audience could tell by the expressions on his face that he was scared. While he was writing a letter to his parents he writes about how he is going to fight for the first time and he wants to make the proud.   After Henry runs away from the first battle he feels embarrassed because he didn't have a wound.   No one knew he ran so he still had his pride and after that his attitude changed and he began fighting with no fear.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tom Wilson is another young sodier in the 304th regiment who is called the loud soldier.   When he is in the tent talking to Henry and conklin he talks about how he will not run and take on the whole army on by himself. When he is in the first battle he tries to run but is caught by an officer and made to go back and fight.   His attitude changed from being confident to being scard of fighting.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jim conklin is also a soldier in the 304th regiment who talks with Henry and tom.   When Conklin was talking to Henry and Wilson about how they felt about fighting their first battle, he says that he will run if he sees everyone else running.   He is the only one to admit to everyone that he is scared about fighting.   He is also the only one not to run away from the first battle even though other people were.   When Henry sees him walking in the road after the war he has been shot and is hurt bad.   Jim is afraid of lying in the road and being run ober by the artillery wagons.

Interpersonal communications improvement plan Essay

Problem: I have developed a bad habit of not having confidence in myself at college, in my study habits, and expressing myself. Goal: To improve my self-confidence, I will keep a good self-image. I will imagine myself as a strong, confident and decisive person. I will think and act positively. I plan to learn new study habits. I will be able to speak with my teachers and advisors about my problems. Procedure: First, I will have the confidence to ask for help. Next, I will not waste time, energy and effort by worrying about my weakness and deficits. I will seek help and ask more questions to better myself. I will be more open about my problems. Finally, I will stop worrying about problems and work through them. Test of Achieving Goal: I will know I have achieved this goal, when I become more comfortable asking for help to develop better study habits. The proof will be seen in my test scores and research papers, which will show me that I can improve my grades in college through perseverance. Journal Entry 1 Date: Oct. 4, 2006 Results: I talked to my English teacher about my research paper that is due next week. She helped me with my mistakes. She said it was a good paper overall. Journal Entry 2 Date: Oct. 4, 2006 Results: I talked to my baseball coach and explained my problems with my grades. He wants to help me in any way possible. Journal Entry 3 Date: Oct. 5, 2006 Results: I talked with my advisor. I opened up to him by explaining that I can’t believe my tests scores, after doing so much studying. He led me in directions that should increase the effectiveness of my study habits. He knows that I can do it. Journal Entry 4 Date: Oct. 6, 2006 Results: I emailed all of my teachers. I asked them how to improve my grades. I also requested study tips from them. Journal Entry 5 Date: Oct 7, 2006 Results: I put to use the study tips from Dr. Bommarito. I didn’t get frustrated with all of the information that I needed to learn for my history test. I had to do it, so I did. Journal Entry 6 Date Oct. 8, 2006 Results: I asked my parents to see how my studying was coming along. They asked me questions from flash cards that I made. They were very supportive. They were very happy to see the new methods I have been using. They could see how I was not getting as frustrated while studying and writing research papers. Interpersonal Communications Improvement Summary My original intention was to use confident behavior to improve my study skills, so that I may get better grades. I feel that I accomplished this, even in such a short time. Emailing my teachers was a small step, but I believe it will pay off in the long run. Each time I talked to one of my teachers and coaches, it gave me more confidence to try again. They were all receptive to my needs, and gave me good advice to help improve my grades and my study habits. I would have to say that my biggest concern was asking for help from my parents. However, by the time I talked to my parents, my confidence level was up from my interactions with my teachers and coaches. I do not get as frustrated as I have in the past. I also felt concern over how my coach would view me after I opened up to him. His reaction was very supportive, as were my parents. I now feel a lot of encouragement from the people who are most important to me. It means so much to me that they were all willing to sit down and go over assignments with me and give me many good study tips. I am now more comfortable talking to them because I know they believe in me. I was surprised about how much easier studying has become since applying the tips I have received, especially from Dr. Bommarito. I am anxious to see the results in my improved test scores and research papers. My self-concept has greatly improved. I feel confident that I can get the help I need by just asking for it. I feel confident in my new study skills. I feel confident that I can continue to learn more study skills, and that I can improve my grades by applying what I have learned. This has been a good experience for me overall.

Introduction Speech Guideline

The Day I was Born Speech For your Introduction speech you will present a brief speech on the day you were born. This speech is meant to be an icebreaker and is your time to introduce yourself to your fellow classmates and me. Do some research and find out a few interesting pieces about the day you were born. If you cannot find anything you would like to use on the exact day, you may expand out to the week, month, or year. Please try to stay within the year though.Your speech should focus on 2-4 specific topics such as a lattice event, a natural disaster, a musical group, a technological achievement, another moment in history, etc. (keep in mind the time limit). Use the library resources tab on Blackboard to help you with your research. Skills focus: Show ability to do minor research and effectively present Ideas at an introductory level. Formal Introduction to course concepts will come with future class lectures, and practice of these concepts will come with future formal speeches. Grading: This speech is worth 25 points.You may earn up to 15 points for the actual speech and up to 10 points for your research worksheet and works cited. Requirements: 0 2 minute extemporaneous presentation (e. G. Meaning prepared from note cards). DO NOT manuscript your speech (write it out word-for-word). You are allowed a 30 second buffer on either end; beyond that, there is a 2 point loss. 0 Complete the research worksheet (attached) and use it as a guide to help you. C] Works Cited page (Pick MEAL or PAP, but be consistent) – this should only include the actual citations you use In your speech. See BlackBoard under Documents/Websites for formatting help.Q Minimum of 3 sources of your choice; please note, Walked does not count as a source. Make sure you are checking the credibility of your sources, as well (we will cover this more in chapter 7). You may use someone you interview as one of your sources. Please note it is ALWAYS important to orally cite your sources throu ghout your speech – see BlackBoard for handout (we will cover this more in chapter 7). 0 No more than 3 one-sided EX. note cards (or equivalent). Visual aids are not required for this speech. Ã'Ëœ You will need a brief introduction that leads into the 2-4 items that you chose to tell us about, followed by a brief conclusion.Be creative. Here Is a sample introduction: 0 I was born In the spring of 1 974, April 24th to be exact. I share my birthday with Barbara Strained, Cedi the Entertainer, novelist Sue Grafton, and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. It was a year of Impeachments, atomic scares, and kidnapped millionaires. But on the warm spring afternoon I was born, political turmoil was the order of the day. (category) order. See the index of your textbook to find more information on these organizational patterns. Fox While you will not have a lot of time to go into great detail, pick a few things that you can expand on in your speech although briefly.Practice in front of a clock or timer to be sure you are speaking for roughly 2 minutes. Please Note: This is Just an ice-breaker speech to get you into the speech presentation mode. This is meant to introduce you to what is expected (in a more polished manner) in future speeches. Make sure to email me or see me in person if you have any questions or need any help. The Learning Assistance Center located in the University Center 170 is available to assist you. Good luck and have fun with this speech! Name: Research Worksheet What day was I born? Who might I interview to find out more about the day I was born? 1 . 2.What are three very specific questions I would ask about the day I was born? 1 . 3. What resources might I use to find out information about the day I was born aside from interviews? I have provided three; list three others that you use (or may use) in your research efforts. 1 . Facts on File: World News Digest – you can access this through Steely Library online. 2. Time Magazine – you can access this through Steely Library online or in person. 3. The New York Times – you can access through Steely Library online or in person. 4. 5. 6. What are three things that I found in my research that are interesting enough to mention in my speech?

Grandmas Light Bread †Theology Essay

Grandmas Light Bread – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Grandma’s Light Bread Theology Essay Grandma’s light bread would melt in your mouth. In the 1950’s, rural electric had not yet reached our part of the countryside. As kerosene lamps gave a golden glow in the kitchen, I’d watch grandma mix and kneed the bread dough, put it in pans, and then set them aside to rise overnight. At daybreak she would fire up the wood cook stove and bake the bread until the top crust was shining and golden. I could hardly wait for a couple of slices of grandma’s light bread spread with home churned butter and, perhaps, a spoon of wild comb honey or a dollop of blackberry jelly. Those were the days when bread was bread. Grandma would occasionally make Hot Cross Buns with a cross on the top of each one. I later discovered that during Lent or Easter many English women would put a cross on buns made with cinnamon or spices to remind them of Jesus’ death on the cross. I remember learning to play the flute-phone (now called a recorder) while in grade school. One of the songs that we learned to play was entitled â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†. If the ACLU had been around or known of the significance of those â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†, I imagine that they would have had a fit. They, like many others, despise the cross. One day Jesus miraculously fed over 5,000 people with only five barley loaves of bread and two small fish. There were 12 baskets of bread left over. I would have liked to have had a piece of that bread that was blessed by Jesus. (John 6:1-15) Not long afterwards a crowd of people sought out Jesus. They asked, â€Å"What will you do for us? After all, our ancestors ate manna while they journeyed in the wilderness! As the scriptures say, ‘Moses gave them bread from heaven to eat.’ â€Å"Jesus answered, â€Å"I assure you, Moses didn’t give them bread from heaven. My Father did. And now he offers you the true bread from heaven. The bread of God is the one who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world’† (John 6:30-35). Bread is called the â€Å"Staff of Life†. Good whole grained bread is a building block to a healthy body. The Bread of Life is indispensable for eternal, spiritual life. Let’s consider three aspects of the Bread of Life. First – It is WONDER BREAD! Jesus declared, â€Å"I am the bread of life . . . No one who comes to me will ever be hungry again† (John 6:35-36). There is a soul hunger in all of us. Only Jesus can satisfy that soul hunger. Do you feel empty – that there is something lacking in your life? Someone once gave me a business card that read, â€Å"If you don’t like the way the cookie crumbles – Try the Bread of Life – Jesus.† Jesus is the true Wonder Bread. Isaiah prophesied, â€Å"For a child is born to us, a son is given to us . . . And he will be called ‘Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace’† (Isaiah 9:6). My grandmother cannot give me anymore of her wonderful light bread. She is dead. Moses is dead. But Jesus – the Bread of Life – is alive! He arose victorious over death, hell, and the grave. Jesus says, â€Å"I am the true bread from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever and not die as your ancestors did, even though they ate manna.† We eat the true Bread of Life by receiving him and His sacrifice on the cross by faith. (Ephesians 2:8-9) Second – THE WILL OF GOD is true bread. One day Jesus sat down by a well of water in Samaria. The disciples went into the village to buy bread for lunch. Jesus ministered to a woman who was soul hungry and thirsty. (John 4) When the disciples returned, they offered Jesus some food to eat. But he told them that he had already eaten. The disciples were puzzled. Jesus said, â€Å"My food is to do the will of Him who sent me and to finish His work.† There is soul satisfaction and spiritual nourishment in doing God’s will. Jesus said, â€Å"For I have come down from heaven to do the will of God who sent me and not to do what I want . . . For it is my Father’s will that all who see His Son and believe in Him should have eternal life† (John 6:38-40). Do you seek God’s will as your daily bread? Third – THE WORD OF GOD is bread indeed. At the Temptation of Christ, Jesus answered Satan, â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God† (Matthew 4:4). (Deuteronomy 8:3; Isaiah 55) True nourishment comes from feasting on the living Word of God and on Jesus and His sacrifice. â€Å"This bread is my flesh offered so the world may live† (John 6:50-51). My grandma’s light bread was only temporal. Jesus the Bread of Life gives eternal life and real nourishment and satisfaction. Feast on Him today. â€Å"But as many as received Him to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name† (John 1:12). Grandma’s Light Bread Grandma’s light bread would melt in your mouth. In the 1950’s, rural electric had not yet reached our part of the countryside. As kerosene lamps gave a golden glow in the kitchen, I’d watch grandma mix and kneed the bread dough, put it in pans, and then set them aside to rise overnight. At daybreak she would fire up the wood cook stove and bake the bread until the top crust was shining and golden. I could hardly wait for a couple of slices of grandma’s light bread spread with home churned butter and, perhaps, a spoon of wild comb honey or a dollop of blackberry jelly. Those were the days when bread was bread. Grandma would occasionally make Hot Cross Buns with a cross on the top of each one. I later discovered that during Lent or Easter many English women would put a cross on buns made with cinnamon or spices to remind them of Jesus’ death on the cross. I remember learning to play the flute-phone (now called a recorder) while in grade school. One of the songs that we learned to play was entitled â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†. If the ACLU had been around or known of the significance of those â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†, I imagine that they would have had a fit. They, like many others, despise the cross. One day Jesus miraculously fed over 5,000 people with only five barley loaves of bread and two small fish. There were 12 baskets of bread left over. I would have liked to have had a piece of that bread that was blessed by Jesus. (John 6:1-15) Not long afterwards a crowd of people sought out Jesus. They asked, â€Å"What will you do for us? After all, our ancestors ate manna while they journeyed in the wilderness! As the scriptures say, ‘Moses gave them bread from heaven to eat.’ â€Å"Jesus answered, â€Å"I assure you, Moses didn’t give them bread from heaven. My Father did. And now he offers you the true bread from heaven. The bread of God is the one who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world’† (John 6:30-35). Bread is called the â€Å"Staff of Life†. Good whole grained bread is a building block to a healthy body. The Bread of Life is indispensable for eternal, spiritual life. Let’s consider three aspects of the Bread of Life. First – It is WONDER BREAD! Jesus declared, â€Å"I am the bread of life . . . No one who comes to me will ever be hungry again† (John 6:35-36). There is a soul hunger in all of us. Only Jesus can satisfy that soul hunger. Do you feel empty – that there is something lacking in your life? Someone once gave me a business card that read, â€Å"If you don’t like the way the cookie crumbles – Try the Bread of Life – Jesus.† Jesus is the true Wonder Bread. Isaiah prophesied, â€Å"For a child is born to us, a son is given to us . . . And he will be called ‘Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace’† (Isaiah 9:6). My grandmother cannot give me anymore of her wonderful light bread. She is dead. Moses is dead. But Jesus – the Bread of Life – is alive! He arose victorious over death, hell, and the grave. Jesus says, â€Å"I am the true bread from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever and not die as your ancestors did, even though they ate manna.† We eat the true Bread of Life by receiving him and His sacrifice on the cross by faith. (Ephesians 2:8-9) Second – THE WILL OF GOD is true bread. One day Jesus sat down by a well of water in Samaria. The disciples went into the village to buy bread for lunch. Jesus ministered to a woman who was soul hungry and thirsty. (John 4) When the disciples returned, they offered Jesus some food to eat. But he told them that he had already eaten. The disciples were puzzled. Jesus said, â€Å"My food is to do the will of Him who sent me and to finish His work.† There is soul satisfaction and spiritual nourishment in doing God’s will. Jesus said, â€Å"For I have come down from heaven to do the will of God who sent me and not to do what I want . . . For it is my Father’s will that all who see His Son and believe in Him should have eternal life† (John 6:38-40). Do you seek God’s will as your daily bread? Third – THE WORD OF GOD is bread indeed. At the Temptation of Christ, Jesus answered Satan, â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God† (Matthew 4:4). (Deuteronomy 8:3; Isaiah 55) True nourishment comes from feasting on the living Word of God and on Jesus and His sacrifice. â€Å"This bread is my flesh offered so the world may live† (John 6:50-51). My grandma’s light bread was only temporal. Jesus the Bread of Life gives eternal life and real nourishment and satisfaction. Feast on Him today. â€Å"But as many as received Him to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name† (John 1:12). Grandma’s Light Bread Grandma’s light bread would melt in your mouth. In the 1950’s, rural electric had not yet reached our part of the countryside. As kerosene lamps gave a golden glow in the kitchen, I’d watch grandma mix and kneed the bread dough, put it in pans, and then set them aside to rise overnight. At daybreak she would fire up the wood cook stove and bake the bread until the top crust was shining and golden. I could hardly wait for a couple of slices of grandma’s light bread spread with home churned butter and, perhaps, a spoon of wild comb honey or a dollop of blackberry jelly. Those were the days when bread was bread. Grandma would occasionally make Hot Cross Buns with a cross on the top of each one. I later discovered that during Lent or Easter many English women would put a cross on buns made with cinnamon or spices to remind them of Jesus’ death on the cross. I remember learning to play the flute-phone (now called a recorder) while in grade school. One of the songs that we learned to play was entitled â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†. If the ACLU had been around or known of the significance of those â€Å"Hot Cross Buns†, I imagine that they would have had a fit. They, like many others, despise the cross. One day Jesus miraculously fed over 5,000 people with only five barley loaves of bread and two small fish. There were 12 baskets of bread left over. I would have liked to have had a piece of that bread that was blessed by Jesus. (John 6:1-15) Not long afterwards a crowd of people sought out Jesus. They asked, â€Å"What will you do for us? After all, our ancestors ate manna while they journeyed in the wilderness! As the scriptures say, ‘Moses gave them bread from heaven to eat.’ â€Å"Jesus answered, â€Å"I assure you, Moses didn’t give them bread from heaven. My Father did. And now he offers you the true bread from heaven. The bread of God is the one who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world’† (John 6:30-35). Bread is called the â€Å"Staff of Life†. Good whole grained bread is a building block to a healthy body. The Bread of Life is indispensable for eternal, spiritual life. Let’s consider three aspects of the Bread of Life. First – It is WONDER BREAD! Jesus declared, â€Å"I am the bread of life . . . No one who comes to me will ever be hungry again† (John 6:35-36). There is a soul hunger in all of us. Only Jesus can satisfy that soul hunger. Do you feel empty – that there is something lacking in your life? Someone once gave me a business card that read, â€Å"If you don’t like the way the cookie crumbles – Try the Bread of Life – Jesus.† Jesus is the true Wonder Bread. Isaiah prophesied, â€Å"For a child is born to us, a son is given to us . . . And he will be called ‘Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace’† (Isaiah 9:6). My grandmother cannot give me anymore of her wonderful light bread. She is dead. Moses is dead. But Jesus – the Bread of Life – is alive! He arose victorious over death, hell, and the grave. Jesus says, â€Å"I am the true bread from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever and not die as your ancestors did, even though they ate manna.† We eat the true Bread of Life by receiving him and His sacrifice on the cross by faith. (Ephesians 2:8-9) Second – THE WILL OF GOD is true bread. One day Jesus sat down by a well of water in Samaria. The disciples went into the village to buy bread for lunch. Jesus ministered to a woman who was soul hungry and thirsty. (John 4) When the disciples returned, they offered Jesus some food to eat. But he told them that he had already eaten. The disciples were puzzled. Jesus said, â€Å"My food is to do the will of Him who sent me and to finish His work.† There is soul satisfaction and spiritual nourishment in doing God’s will. Jesus said, â€Å"For I have come down from heaven to do the will of God who sent me and not to do what I want . . . For it is my Father’s will that all who see His Son and believe in Him should have eternal life† (John 6:38-40). Do you seek God’s will as your daily bread? Third – THE WORD OF GOD is bread indeed. At the Temptation of Christ, Jesus answered Satan, â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God† (Matthew 4:4). (Deuteronomy 8:3; Isaiah 55) True nourishment comes from feasting on the living Word of God and on Jesus and His sacrifice. â€Å"This bread is my flesh offered so the world may live† (John 6:50-51). My grandma’s light bread was only temporal. Jesus the Bread of Life gives eternal life and real nourishment and satisfaction. Feast on Him today. â€Å"But as many as received Him to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name† (John 1:12). Research Papers on Grandma’s Light Bread - Theology EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMind TravelArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic Engineering

Biography of Mata Hari, Infamous World War I Spy

Biography of Mata Hari, Infamous World War I Spy Mata Hari (August 7, 1876–October 15, 1917) was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was arrested by the French and executed for espionage during World War I. After her death, her stage name Mata Hari became synonymous with spying and espionage. Fast Facts: Mata Hari Known For: Working as a  spy  for  Germany  during  World War IAlso Known As: Margaretha Geertruida Zelle; Lady MacLeodBorn: August 7, 1876 in Leeuwarden,  The NetherlandsParents: Adam Zelle, Antje van der MeulenDied: October 15, 1917 in Paris,  FranceSpouse: Rudolf John MacLeod (m.  1895- 1906)Children: Norman-John MacLeod, Louise Jeanne MacLeodNotable Quote: Death is nothing, nor life either, for that matter. To die, to sleep, to pass into nothingness, what does it matter? Everything is an illusion. Early Life Mata Hari was born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, on August 7, 1876, as the first of four children. Zelles father was a hat maker by trade, but having invested well in oil, he had enough money to spoil his only daughter. At only 6 years old, Zelle became the talk of the town when she traveled in a goat-drawn carriage that her father had given her. In school, Zelle was known to be flamboyant, often appearing in new, flashy dresses. However, Zelles world changed drastically when her family went bankrupt in 1889 and her mother died two years later. Family Breakup After her mothers death, the Zelle family was split up and Zelle, now 15, was sent to Sneek to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser. Visser decided to send Zelle to a school that trained kindergarten teachers so that shed have a career. At the school, the headmaster Wybrandus Haanstra became enchanted by Zelle and pursued her. When a scandal broke out, Zelle was asked to leave the school, so she went to live with her uncle, Mr. Taconis, in The Hague. Marriage  and Divorce In March 1895, while still staying with her uncle, 18-year-old Zelle became engaged to Rudolph John MacLeod after answering a personal ad in the newspaper. (The ad had been placed as a joke by MacLeods friend.) MacLeod was a 38-year-old officer on home leave from the Dutch East Indies, where he had been stationed for 16 years. On July 11, 1895, the two were married. They spent much of their married life living in the tropics of Indonesia where money was tight, isolation was difficult, and Johns rudeness and Zelles youth caused serious friction in their marriage. Zelle and John had two children together, Norman-John MacLeod and Louise Jeanne MacLeod. Both children became quite ill in June 1899. Norman-John died at age 2, but Louise Jeanne survived and lived until 1919. Zelle and John suspected the children may have been poisoned by a disgruntled servant. In 1902, the couple moved back to The Netherlands and soon separated. Their divorce became final in 1906. Off to Paris Zelle decided to go to Paris for a new start. Without a husband, career, and money, Zelle used her experiences in Indonesia to create a new persona, one who donned jewels, smelled of perfume, spoke occasionally in Malay, danced seductively, and often wore very few clothes. She made her dancing debut in a salon and instantaneously became a success. When reporters and others interviewed her, Zelle continually added to the mystique that surrounded her by spinning fantastic, fictionalized stories about her background, including being a Javanese princess and daughter of a baron. To sound more exotic, she took the stage name Mata Hari, Malayan for eye of the day (the sun). Famous Dancer and Courtesan Zelle became famous. All things oriental were in fashion in Paris, and Zelles exotic looks added to her mystique. Zelle danced at both private salons and later at large theaters. She danced at ballets and operas. She was invited to large parties and traveled extensively. She also took a number of lovers (often military men from various countries) who were willing to provide her financial support in exchange for her company. Espionage, Capture, and Execution Zelle was no longer a sleek dancer when in 1916 she started to spy for France during World War I. She was actually 40 years old at the time, and her time as a dancer was long behind her. She fell in love with a Russian captain, Vladimir de Masloff, who was sent to the front and became injured. Zelle wanted to support him financially, so she accepted an offer to spy for France in mid-1916. France thought her courtesan contacts would be of use to its intelligence operation. She began to meet with German contacts. She provided the French with little useful information and may have begun to work for Germany as a double agent. The French eventually intercepted a German cable that named a spy code-named H-21, clearly a code name for Mata Hari. The French became convinced that she was a spy and arrested her on Feb. 13, 1917. She was accused of spying for Germany, causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers, and was put on trial in July 1917. After a short trial conducted in private in front of a military court, she was found guilty of spying for Germany and sentenced to death by firing squad. The French executed Zelle on Oct. 15, 1917. She was 41 years old. Legacy During World War I, Zelles frequent traveling across international borders and her varied companions caused several countries to wonder if she was a spy or even a double-agent. Many people who met her say that she was sociable but just not smart enough to pull off such a feat. The notion that Zelle was an exotic dancer who used her powers of seduction to extract military secrets was false. She was years past her prime as a dancer by the time she agreed to serve as a spy for France- and possibly for Germany. Zelle maintained her innocence up until the time of her death. Sources Shipman, Pat. â€Å"Why Mata Hari Wasnt a Cunning Spy After All.†Ã‚  The History Behind the Killing of Mata Hari, 14 Oct. 2017. NationalGeographic.com.â€Å"Mata Hari.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 19 Apr. 2019.The Execution of Mata Hari, 1917. Eyewitnesstohistory.com.